This is what appeared on my screen in marconi 
(marconi.internet.lab) when doing an ftp (File Transfer Protocol)
session from marconi to maan (maan.njit.edu).

---
[ott@marconi Balast]$ ftp maan.njit.edu
Connected to maan.njit.edu.
220 maan.njit.edu FTP server (Version wu-2.6.2+Sun) ready.
530 Please login with USER and PASS.
530 Please login with USER and PASS.
KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an authentication type
Name (maan.njit.edu:ott): ott
331 Password required for ott.
Password:
230 User ott logged in.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> cd Admin
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> put junk.03.13.05
local: junk.03.13.05 remote: junk.03.13.05
227 Entering Passive Mode (128,235,32,243,64,208)
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for junk.03.13.05.
226 Transfer complete.
21 bytes sent in 9.3e-05 seconds (2.2e+02 Kbytes/s)
ftp> cd ~/public_html/CIS656/CIS656.S.05/
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> get README.txt
local: README.txt remote: README.txt
227 Entering Passive Mode (128,235,32,243,67,165)
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for README.txt (5199 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
5199 bytes received in 0.013 seconds (3.8e+02 Kbytes/s)
ftp> bye
221-You have transferred 5220 bytes in 2 files.
221-Total traffic for this session was 5997 bytes in 2 transfers.
221-Thank you for using the FTP service on maan.njit.edu.
221 Goodbye.
[ott@marconi Balast]$
---

The first command (ftp maan.njit.edu) told marconi I wanted to open 
an ftp session to maan.
marconi first had to find the IP address for maan: send a  dns  query.
Before it could send a dns query it had to find the physical address of
the ``next hop'' (unless already in ARP Cache).

1. Send ARP request to get ``next physical address''.

2. Send DNS query.